INDONESIA

Republic of Indonesia, abbreviated RI or Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia which is crossed by the equator and located between Asia and Australia as well as between the Pacific and Indian Ocean. Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world which consists of 13 466 islands, the name commonly used alternative is the archipelago. With a population of over 237 million people in 2010, Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world and the largest Muslim country in the world, with more than 207 million people, although officially not an Islamic state. Indonesia is a republic form of government, the House of Representatives, Regional Representatives Council and the President are elected directly.

Indonesia

Jakarta is the capital of the country. Indonesian land borders with Malaysia on Borneo island, with Papua New Guinea on the island of Papua and East Timor on the island of Timor (former part of the Indonesian province). Other neighboring countries include Singapore, Philippines, Australia, and the union territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India.

Indonesia's history is heavily influenced by other nations. Indonesian archipelago became an important trade region since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya kingdom in Palembang religion and trade relations with China and India. Hindu kingdoms and Buddha has grown in the early centuries AD, followed by the traders who brought Islam, as well as various European powers fought one another to monopolize the spice trade in Maluku during the era of ocean exploration. After being under Dutch colonialism, Indonesia, which was then called the Dutch East Indies declared its independence at the end of World War II. Furthermore, Indonesia has received a variety of obstacles, threats and challenges of natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratization process, and periods of rapid economic change.

From Sabang to Merauke, Indonesia consists of various ethnic groups, languages, and religions. Based on ethnic group (race), Indonesia consists of the original indigenous peoples namely South Mongoloid / Austronesian and Melanesian where Austronesian peoples of the largest in number and more inhabit western Indonesia. Based on more specific nation, ethnic Javanese are the largest ethnic group with a population of 41.7% of the entire population of the Indonesian national 

Indonesia.Semboyan, "Unity in Diversity" ("Different but still one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country . Besides having a dense population and vast territory, Indonesia has a natural area that supports the level of biodiversity in the world's second largest.
 

Indonesia is also a member of the United Nations and the only member to ever come out of the United Nations, on January 7, 1965, and rejoined on September 28, 1966 and Indonesia still declared as a member of the 60th, the same membership since the merger of Indonesia on 28 September 1950. In addition to the United Nations, Indonesia is also a member of ASEAN, APEC, OIC, G-20 and will be a member of the OECD.

Etymology
The word "Indonesia" is derived from the ancient Greek that Indos meaning "Indian" and nesos which means "island". Thus, the Indonesian word meaning Indies islands, or islands in the Indies, which indicates that this name was formed long before Indonesia became a sovereign state. In 1850, George Earl, an English ethnologist nationality, originally proposed the term Indunesia and Malayunesia for residents "Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago". Pupils from Earl's, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym of the word Indian Islands. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies Dutch media did not use the word Indonesia, but the terms Malay Archipelago (Maleische Archipel); Dutch East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië), or Indian (Indie); East (de Oost); and even Insulinde (This term was introduced in 1860 in the novel Max Havelaar (1859), written by Multatuli, regarding criticism of Dutch colonialism).
 

Since 1900, the name Indonesia became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and Indonesian nationalist groups adopted it for political expression. Adolf Bastian of the University of Berlin to popularize this name through the book oder die Inseln des Rodel Malayischen Archipels, 1884-1894. Indonesian students first use is Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara), when he established a news agency in the Netherlands with the name Indonesisch Press Bureau in 1913.
History
Early History
Fossil remains of Homo erectus, which by anthropologists also dubbed "Java Man", suggests that the Indonesian archipelago was inhabited two million to 500,000 years ago. [14] Austronesian people, who form the majority of the modern population, migrated to Southeast Asia from Taiwan. They arrived around 2000 BC, and caused Melanesians who have no first there pushed to the remote areas in eastern islands where conditions are ideal for agriculture, and control of rice cultivation since at least the 8th century BC, causing many villages, towns, and small kingdoms grow well in the first century AD. In addition, Indonesia is located in the path of international sea trade and inter-island, has become a shipping line between India and China for several centuries. History of Indonesia subsequently experienced a lot of influence of the trade activities.

Under the influence of Hinduism and Buddhism, several kingdoms formed on the island of Borneo, Sumatra, and Java since the 4th century until the 14th century. Kutai, is the oldest kingdom in the archipelago that stands in the 4th century in the upper Mahakam River in East Kalimantan. In the western region of the island of Java, in the 4th century until the 7th century AD stand Tarumanagara kingdom. Government Tarumanagara followed by Sundanese kingdom of the year 669 AD to 1579 AD In the 7th century appear to Malay kingdom centered in Jambi, Sumatra. Sriwijaya beat Malay and emerged as the most powerful maritime kingdom on the archipelago. He ruled over Sumatra, Java, the Malay peninsula, while controlling the trade in the Strait of Malacca, Sunda Strait and the South China Sea. Under the influence of Srivijaya, between the 8th century and the 10th dynasty and Sanjaya dynasty succeeded in developing agriculture-based kingdoms in Java, with its historic relics such as Borobudur and Prambanan temples. At the end of the 13th century, Majapahit standing in the eastern part of the island of Java. Under the leadership of mahapatih Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of Indonesia is now; and is often called the "Golden Age" in Indonesian history.
 

The arrival of traders Arabic and Persian through Gujarat, India, and then brought Islam. In addition, the Chinese sailors led by Admiral Cheng Ho (Zheng He) who are Muslims, also never stop in this region in the early 15th century. The merchants also spread Islam in some parts of the archipelago. Samudera Pasai, established in 1267, is the first Islamic kingdom in Indonesia.
 

Colonialism
Indonesia is also a country that was colonized by many European countries as well as Asia, it caused Indonesia since ancient times is a country rich in abundant natural result, to make European countries tempted to colonize and control of natural resources intends to income for the country, Countries that once colonized them is;

• Portuguese in 1509, only the Moluccas, and were driven on in 1595
• Spain in 1521, only North Sulawesi, but were repulsed in 1692.
• The Netherlands in 1602, the entire territory of Indonesia.
• French indirectly control of Java in the period 1806-1811 as the Kingdom of the Netherlands submit to the power of the French. When Napoleon Bonaparte's brother Louis Bonaparte to the throne the Netherlands in 1806, it will automatically fall into the hands of the Dutch colony of France. This period lasted the Governor General Herman Willem Daendels in 1808-1811. Ended in 1811 when the British defeated the French-Dutch force in Java. 
• England in 1811, since the signing of the capitulation Tungtang one of which contains the delivery of Java from Dutch to English, In 1814 London Convention which perform the contents of Dutch government back on the British colonies in Indonesia. And new in 1816, the British government officially ended in Indonesia ..
• Japan in 1942, only 3.5 years, and ended in 1945, since the defeat of Japan to the allies.

When the Europeans came in the early 16th century, they found several kingdoms easily they could be good for the sake of dominating the spice trade. The Portuguese first landed at the port of Sunda kingdom which two Banten and Sunda Kelapa, but can be expelled and move eastward and control of the Moluccas. In the 17th century, the Dutch emerged as the strongest among other European countries, defeating Great Britain and Portugal (except for their colony of Portuguese Timor). At the time that Christianity came to Indonesia as one of the old imperialism mission, known as 3G, namely Gold, Glory, and the Gospel. [22] The Dutch controlled Indonesia as a colony until World War II, initially through the VOC, and then directly by the Dutch government since the beginning of the 19th century.
Johannes van den Bosch, originator Cultuurstelsel.
Under Cultuurstelsel system (System Investment) in the 19th century, large plantations and forced cultivation implemented in Java, eventually producing a profit for the Netherlands which can not be produced VOCs. During the colonial rule freer after 1870, the system was abolished. After 1901 the Dutch introduced the Ethical Policy, which include limited political reform and greater investment in the Dutch East Indies.
 

During World War II, when the Dutch colonized by German, Japanese control of Indonesia. After getting Indonesia in 1942, Japan saw that the fighters Indonesia's major trading partners are cooperative and willing to deploy soldiers when needed. Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta, KH. Mas Mansur, and Ki Hajar Dewantara awarded by the Emperor of Japan in 1943.
Indonesian independence
 

In March 1945 Japan formed a committee for Indonesian independence. After the Pacific war ended in 1945, under pressure from youth organizations, Soekarno-Hatta proclaimed Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, which at that time was the month of Ramadan. After independence, the three founding fathers Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta and Sjahrir each served as president, vice president and prime minister. In an effort to regain control of Indonesia, the Dutch sent their troops.
 

Proclamation of Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945.
 

Bloody efforts to curb the independence movement was then known by the Dutch as a 'police action' (Politionele Actie), or known by the people of Indonesia as a military aggression. Dutch finally received the right for Indonesian independence on December 27, 1949 as a federal state called the Republic of Indonesia States after strong pressure from the international community, especially the United States. Integral Natsir motions on August 17, 1950, calling for the return of the unitary Republic of Indonesia and the United States of Indonesia disband. Sukarno again became president with Mohammad Hatta as vice president and prime minister Mohammad Natsir.
 

In the 1950s and 1960s, Sukarno government began to follow once pioneered the non-aligned movement at first, then becoming closer to the socialist bloc, for example, the People's Republic of China and Yugoslavia. The 1960s witnessed the military confrontation against neighboring Malaysia ("Confrontation"), [25] and dissatisfaction with the growing economic difficulties. Further in 1965 erupted G30S incident which caused the death of six generals and a number of other middle-ranking officers. New force that calls itself the New Order which immediately accused the Communist Party of Indonesia as the brains behind this incident and intend to overthrow the legitimate government and replacing national ideology be based on the socialist-communist. This charge as well as a reason to replace the old government under President Sukarno. Hatta, Sukarno, and Sjahrir, the three founders of Indonesia. General Suharto became president in 1967 with a view to securing the country from the threat of communism. While the physical condition weakened Sukarno himself. After Suharto's rule, hundreds of thousands of Indonesian citizens suspected communists were killed, while there are many more Indonesian citizens who are residing abroad, did not dare to return to their homeland, and finally revoked his citizenship. Thirty-two years of Soeharto's rule called New Order, while the Soekarno regime called the Old Order.
 

Suharto implement neoliberal economic and managed to bring in huge foreign investment to go to Indonesia and generate substantial economic growth, although uneven. At the beginning of the New Order regime Indonesian both economic policies developed by a group of economists graduated from the Department of Economics, University of California, Berkeley, who was called "Berkeley Mafia". However, Suharto increase his wealth and his family through the practice of corruption, collusion, and nepotism are widespread and he was forced to step down after massive demonstrations and economic conditions deteriorated state in 1998.
 

From 1998 to 2001, Indonesia has three presidents: Bacharuddin Joseph (BJ) Habibie, Abdurrahman Wahid and Megawati Sukarnoputri. In the 2004 elections the world's day was held and won by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
Indonesia is experiencing economic problems, political and religious strife in the country nuanced, and some areas are trying to gain independence, especially in Papua. East Timor finally officially broke away in 1999 after 24 years of unity with Indonesia and 3 years under UN administration, East Timor became the country.
 

In December 2004 and March 2005, Aceh and Nias was hit by two major earthquakes in total killed hundreds of thousands of lives. (See the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the Sumatra earthquake of March 2005.) This incident was followed by the Yogyakarta earthquake and tsunami that hit Pangandaran Beach and surrounding areas, as well as in Sidoarjo mud flood in 2006 that never solved.